BIOLOGY (Basic) – Heredity

Heredity

Learning Time: 6-18 hours

Content: Mendel’s laws of inheritance (dominant-recessive, segregation, independent assortment) form the basis of this course. Concepts such as genotype, phenotype, alleles, and Punnett squares are explained in detail. Multiple alleles, sex-linked inheritance, and mutations are also part of the curriculum. In the TYT, this topic includes questions on problem solving and genetic calculations. Current curricula may also briefly touch on genetic engineering and biotechnology. A good understanding of this topic is critical to understanding the genetic aspects of biology.

• Mendel’s Laws:
  • Dominant and Recessive Alleles (Green Pea Example)
  • Law of Segregation (Gene Segregation)
  • Law of Independent Assortment (Multiple Traits)
• Genotype and Phenotype:
  • Genotype Definition (AA, Aa, aa)
  • Phenotype Definition (Eye Color)
  • Effect of Environment (Nutrition and Height)
• Alleles:
  • Homozygous and Heterozygous (Pure and Hybrid Species)
  • Allelic Relationships (Codominance)
• Multiple Alleles and Sex-Linked Inheritance:
  • Blood Groups (ABO System)
  • Color Blindness (X Chromosome)
  • Hemophilia (Blood Clotting Disorder)

Ecosystem Ecology

• Subheadings:
  • Structure of the Ecosystem
  • Food Chains and Webs
  • Energy Flow
  • Cycles
• Examples of Detailed Subheadings:
  • Structure of the Ecosystem:
    • Biotic Factors (Trees, Animals)
    • Abiotic Factors (Temperature, Humidity)
  • Food Chains and Webs:
    • Producers (Forest Plants)
    • Consumers (Eagles and Rabbits)
    • Decomposers (Fungi and Bacteria)
  • Energy Flow:
    • Energy Pyramid (Trophic Levels)
    • Efficiency (10% Rule)
  • Cycles:
    • Water Cycle (Evaporation and Rain)
    • Carbon Cycle (Photosynthesis and Respiration)
    • Nitrogen Cycle (Nitrogen Fixation)