BIOLOGY (Advanced) – Sense Organs

Sensory Organs

Learning Time: 4-12 hours

Content: Sensory organs are structures that detect stimuli from the environment and transmit them to the nervous system. They include the senses of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. This topic covers the anatomy of the eye (retina, cornea), ear (middle ear, inner ear), taste and smell receptors, and skin senses. TYT focuses on basic structures and functions, while AYT focuses on sensory adaptation and diseases. The current 2025 curriculum also includes sensory technologies (wearable devices) and age-related sensory loss. Learning this topic is essential for understanding the connections between environmental perception and the nervous system.

• Organ of Vision (Eye):
  • Anatomy of the Eye (Cornea, Lens, Retina)
  • Photoreceptors (Cones and Rods)
  • Vision Disorders (Myopia, Hyperopia)
• Organ of Hearing and Balance (Ear):
  • Outer Ear (Auricle and Ear Canal)
  • Middle Ear (Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup)
  • Inner Ear (Cochlea and Vestibular System)
• Taste:
  • Tongue Buds (Taste Receptors)
  • Types of Taste (Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami)
  • Perception of Taste Neural Pathway
• Olfaction:
  • Nasal Mucosa (Olfactory Receptors)
  • Olfactory Perception and Chemical Stimuli
  • Anosmia (Loss of Smell)
• Touch and Other Senses:
  • Skin Receptors (Pressure, Temperature, Pain)
  • Proprioception (Perception of Body Position)
  • Sensory Adaptation (Adaptation Process)
• Sensory Organ Diseases:
  • Cataract (Lens Clouding)
  • Presbyopia (Age-Related Vision Loss)
  • Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears)
• Neural Connections of the Sensory System:
  • Optic Nerve and Brain Lobes
  • Auditory Pathways (Cochlear Nerve)
  • Sensory Cortex Functioning